Class 10 (Science assignment)
Grade 10 Science: Nature and Environment
Passage
Nature and the environment are essential for the survival of all living organisms. Nature includes all living and non-living components of the Earth, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, air, water, soil, minerals, sunlight, and temperature. The environment is the surrounding condition in which organisms live and interact with one another and with non-living components.
An ecosystem is a functional unit of nature in which living organisms interact with one another and with their physical environment. The living components of an ecosystem are called biotic components, while air, water, soil, light, temperature, and minerals are abiotic components. Green plants are called producers because they prepare their own food through photosynthesis. Animals that depend on plants or other animals for food are consumers, while bacteria and fungi are important decomposers that break down dead organisms and return nutrients to the environment.
Energy flows through an ecosystem mainly through food chains and food webs. For example, grass → grasshopper → frog → snake → eagle represents a food chain. Several interconnected food chains form a food web. The continuous movement of nutrients between living organisms and the physical environment is known as a biogeochemical cycle. The water cycle, carbon cycle, and nitrogen cycle are important examples.
Human activities such as deforestation, unplanned urbanization, industrialization, excessive use of fossil fuels, and improper waste disposal have disturbed the natural environment. These activities can cause air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, global warming, climate change, and loss of biodiversity. Conservation of forests, wildlife, water, soil, and other natural resources is therefore essential. Sustainable use of resources, reduction of pollution, afforestation, proper waste management, and public awareness can help maintain environmental balance for present and future generations.
A. Short-Answer Questions
What is an ecosystem? Mention its two major components.
Differentiate between biotic and abiotic components of an ecosystem with two examples of each.
Why are green plants called producers? Explain their role in an ecosystem.
What are decomposers? Why are they important for maintaining the nutrient cycle?
Mention any three human activities that cause environmental degradation and suggest one measure to control each.
B. Multiple-Choice Questions
1. Which of the following is an abiotic component of an ecosystem?
A. Grass
B. Bacteria
C. Water
D. Deer
2. Green plants are called producers because they:
A. Consume other organisms
B. Decompose dead organisms
C. Prepare their own food
D. Depend on animals for food
3. Which organisms mainly act as decomposers?
A. Birds and mammals
B. Bacteria and fungi
C. Green plants and algae
D. Insects and reptiles
4. Which of the following represents a correct food chain?
A. Grass → Frog → Grasshopper → Snake
B. Grass → Grasshopper → Frog → Snake
C. Snake → Frog → Grasshopper → Grass
D. Frog → Grass → Snake → Grasshopper
5. A network of interconnected food chains is called a:
A. Food pyramid
B. Food web
C. Nutrient cycle
D. Biosphere
6. Which process helps green plants prepare food?
A. Respiration
B. Digestion
C. Photosynthesis
D. Decomposition
7. Which of the following is most directly responsible for increasing carbon dioxide in the atmosphere?
A. Afforestation
B. Burning of fossil fuels
C. Recycling
D. Rainwater harvesting
8. Which human activity contributes most directly to loss of biodiversity?
A. Afforestation
B. Wildlife conservation
C. Deforestation and habitat destruction
D. Waste recycling
9. Which of the following is an effective measure for environmental conservation?
A. Excessive use of fossil fuels
B. Deforestation
C. Proper waste management
D. Unplanned urbanization
10. The continuous movement of water between the atmosphere, land, and water bodies is known as the:
A. Carbon cycle
B. Nitrogen cycle
C. Water cycle
D. Food cycle
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